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Constitution Act, 1867
The ''Constitution Act, 1867''〔''(Constitution Act, 1867 )'', 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11.〕 (originally enacted as ''The British North America Act, 1867'', and referred to as the BNA Act), is a major part of Canada's Constitution. The Act created a federal dominion and defines much of the operation of the Government of Canada, including its federal structure, the House of Commons, the Senate, the justice system, and the taxation system. The British North America Acts, including this Act, were renamed in 1982 with the patriation of the Constitution (originally enacted by the British Parliament); however, it is still known by its original name in United Kingdom records. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources.〔''(Constitution Act, 1867 )'', 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 11.〕
==Preamble and Part I "Preliminary"==
(詳細はpreamble that declares that the three provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which would become Ontario and Quebec) have requested to form "one Dominion...with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom". This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As Peter Hogg wrote in ''Constitutional Law of Canada'', some have argued that since the United Kingdom had some freedom of expression in 1867, the preamble extended this right to Canada even before the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982; this was a supposed basis for the Implied Bill of Rights.〔Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada. 2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), p. 686.〕 In ''New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)'',〔() 1 SCR 319 — 1993-01-21〕 the leading Canadian case on parliamentary privilege, the Supreme Court of Canada grounded its 1993 decision on the preamble. Moreover, since the UK had a tradition of judicial independence, the Supreme Court ruled in the ''Provincial Judges Reference'' of 1997 that the preamble shows judicial independence in Canada is constitutionally guaranteed. Political scientist Rand Dyck has criticized the preamble, saying it is "seriously out of date". He claims the Constitution Act, 1867 "lacks an inspirational introduction".〔Rand Dyck, Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000, p. 374.〕
The preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The Charter also has a preamble.
Part I consists of just two sections. Section 1 gives the short title of the law as ''The British North America Act, 1867''. Section 2 indicates that all references to the Queen (then Victoria) equally apply to all her heirs and successors.
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